The first Oil & Gas Africa – Int’l Trade Exhibition, will be held
from the 27th to the 29th of August 2015. This event will be the hub for
key players in the Oil and Gas industry, attracting leading oil, gas
and petroleum companies from around the world.
Location/Directions:
Mlimani Conference Center
Industry activities include:
1.Exploration
2.Drilling
3.Field activities
4. Recovery – 3 stages (primary, secondary and enhanced oil recovery). The three stages of recovery may take 30 to 40
years to complete
5. Water disposal
6. Refining and marketing
7. Transportation
8. Expansion and contraction of plants, buildings and equipment
9. Preventive maintenance and safety
10. Major renovations, upgrading and replacement of facilities
SHIRIKA la Maendeleo ya Petrol nchini, TPDC limeanza utafiti wakijiolojia wa utafutaji mafuta na gesi katika vijiji vya Gombero mkoani Tanga.
Kutokana na hilo shirika hilo limeanza kutekeleza mradi wa uchongaji wa mashimo mafupi,visima vifupi kumi kwa ajili ya shughuli hiyo ya utafiti. Mradi huo unafanywa na kumilikiwa TPDC kwa asilimia 100.
Akizindua mradi huo Mgeologia, Amina Kagera alisema lengo kubwa la mradi huo ni kuwapa mafunzo wataalam vijana wa TPDC kwa kuwatumia wataalam wa ndani ya shirika waliobobea.
Alisema fursa hiyo itawapa hamasa vijana kufanya tafiti mbalimbali nchini lengo likiwa ni uendelezaji wa utafutaji wa mafuta na gesi kwa faida ya watanzania wote.
“Mradi huu ulianza rasmi mwaka 2010 ukiwa na malengo ya kuwajengea uwezo wataalam wa sayansi ya utafutaji wa mafuta na gesi ambao hawakuwa na msingi wa taaluma ya kijiolojia kama wale wa fani ya jiofizikia na uhandisi”alisema Kagera
Kagera alisema mradi huo unahusisha wataalam wa kukusanya sampuli za jiolojia,jiokemikia na kuchambua sampuli, kufanya tafiti mbalimbali kuhusisha sampuli hizo na utengenezaji wa ramani za kijiolojia katika maeneo husika.
Alisema pia utaongeza thamani katika mabonde ya Tanzania ambapo shughuli za utafutaji wa mafuta na gesi hufanyika.
“Mwaka 2012 hadi 2013 baada ya kazi za vitendo katika maeneo ya Kakindu na Mto kibindo karibu na bwawa la Nairobi,Gombero Mkoani Tanga wataalam waligundua uwepo mkubwa wa miamba tabaka aina ya Shalena,Silti Shale na makaa ya mawe” alisema Kagera
Naye Mkurugenzi wa Utafiti, Emma Msaky alisema malengo makuu ya mradi huo ni kuzidi kuyaanisha maeneo ya utafutaji wa mafuta na gesi ili kujua uwepo wa miamba ya uzalishaji wa nishati hizo.
Alizitaja gharama za uchorongaji wa mashimo hayo na visima hivyo vifupi ni takribani dola za Kimarekani 195,000 ambapo fedha zote hulipwa na TPDC kutoka kwenye mfuko wake wa fedha za miradi ya maendeleo.
Mr. Richard Kasesela, 
Natural Gas Basics
Natural
gas is both a clean burning fuel source and the primary feedstock into
the U.S. petrochemical industry. Raw natural gas in fields is processed
to separate the methane out from butane, propane, and large amounts of
ethane. The three heavier liquids are prone to condensation in natural
gas pipelines.
Natural Gas Liquids and Petrochemicals
Ethane
– Two carbon atoms; chemical formula C2H6. Ethane is the second-largest
component of natural gas, typically comprising up to 6% of the volume
of gas produced from a natural gas field.
Propane
– Three carbon atoms; chemical formula C3H8. Truck fleets, forklifts,
barbecue grills, portable stoves and even the new Roush Ford F-150
pick-up use propane fuel. Propane’s octane rating is noticeably higher
than gasoline at 110.
Many homes not
connected to municipal (methane) gas pipelines use propane for their
appliances and furnaces. Other fuel uses for propane:
Butane – Four carbon atoms; chemical formula C4H10. Primary fuel uses for butane are:
Natural Gas Quality
Gas quality standards
vary depending on the pipeline system and are usually a function of
each pipeline system’s design and the markets that it serves. In
general, the standards specify that the natural gas be within a specific
range of heating value. In the U.S., gas must generally be should be
1.035 MMBtu per cubic foot of gas at 1 atmosphere and 60 °F.
Sour Gas –
Natural gas that contains detectable amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
is called sour gas. It’s a poisonous gas that is also very corrosive.
Hydrogen sulfide must be removed from raw gas by rather expensive
equipment at the well site to prevent corrosion damage to well site
pipes and equipment as well as to meet utility pipeline gas specs. As
H2S is particularly dangerous to humans, a typical pipeline limit for
hydrogen sulfide would be in the range of 4 parts per million per 100
standard cubic feet.
Sweet Gas – Natural gas that does not contain hydrogen sulfide is considered sweet gas.
Wet Gas – Wet
gas is natural gas that contains naturally liquid hydrocarbons (called
“condensate”) with the chemical composition of gasoline. Refineries pay a
slightly lower price for condensate than they do for crude oil because
the octane of condensate is very low.
THE oil price has fallen by more than 40% since June, when it
was $115 a barrel. It is now below $70. This comes after nearly five
years of stability. At a meeting in Vienna on November 27th the
Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, which controls nearly 40%
of the world market, failed to reach agreement on production curbs,
sending the price tumbling. Also hard hit are oil-exporting countries
such as Russia (where the rouble has hit record lows), Nigeria, Iran and
Venezuela. Why is the price of oil falling?
The oil price is
partly determined by actual supply and demand, and partly by
expectation. Demand for energy is closely related to economic activity.
It also spikes in the winter in the northern hemisphere, and during
summers in countries which use air conditioning. Supply can be affected
by weather (which prevents tankers loading) and by geopolitical upsets.
If producers think the price is staying high, they invest, which after a
lag boosts supply. Similarly, low prices lead to an investment drought.
OPEC’s decisions shape expectations: if it curbs supply sharply, it can
send prices spiking. Saudi Arabia produces nearly 10m barrels a day—a
third of the OPEC total.
Four things are now affecting the
picture. Demand is low because of weak economic activity, increased
efficiency, and a growing switch away from oil to other fuels. Second,
turmoil in Iraq and Libya—two big oil producers with nearly 4m barrels a
day combined—has not affected their output. The market is more sanguine
about geopolitical risk. Thirdly, America has become the world’s
largest oil producer. Though it does not export crude oil, it now
imports much less, creating a lot of spare supply. Finally, the Saudis
and their Gulf allies have decided not to sacrifice their own market
share to restore the price. They could curb production sharply, but the
main benefits would go to countries they detest such as Iran and Russia.
Saudi Arabia can tolerate lower oil prices quite easily. It has $900
billion in reserves. Its own oil costs very little (around $5-6 per
barrel) to get out of the ground.
The main effect of this is on
the riskiest and most vulnerable bits of the oil industry. These include
American frackers who have borrowed heavily on the expectation of
continuing high prices. They also include Western oil companies with
high-cost projects involving drilling in deep water or in the Arctic, or
dealing with maturing and increasingly expensive fields such as the
North Sea. But the greatest pain is in countries where the regimes are
dependent on a high oil price to pay for costly foreign adventures and
expensive social programmes. These include Russia (which is already hit
by Western sanctions following its meddling in Ukraine) and Iran (which
is paying to keep the Assad regime afloat in Syria). Optimists think
economic pain may make these countries more amenable to international
pressure. Pessimists fear that when cornered, they may lash out in
desperation.
What they do all day?
A petroleum geologist works with oil companies to figure out
where oil deposits are and whether it’s worth tapping into them. Using
high-tech machinery like seismic X-rays, they may even determine where a
drill should be placed to find oil deposits underground
In a Lyfe cycle of oil field there are various stages to obtain oil and gas which include the following
Step 01: Exploration
In this stages Petroleum Geoscientists and engineers work together to locate and drill into Location where they think will produce oil. In this stage they look first at surface and then into subsurface
At Surface: They look for sedimentary basin and they use the knowledge they know about rock properties to make choices, they look seeps, study rock and outcrop
In the Subsurface:They based on tool like magnetometer gravimeter, their main objective is to find location of sedimenatry rock where they cabn study further
One they found sedimentary basin then they conduct seismic survey to identify structure that may contain oil and gas
After finding Traces of oil and gas the next step is
Step 02:Appraisal
They evaluate the potential commercial of oil and gas. In doing so they determine how much oil and gas are present and type of oil and gas Present. They calcuate if there is suffient hydrocarbons to justify further investment.They determine if the field will produce enough oil to help to recover all the costs and still make profit.
If they determine there enough Petroleum they move to the next step
Step 03:Development
They select where well to be drilled and they plan budget equipment, tool and Manpower needed to bring Field into Production
Step 04:Production
At this where field start to produce oil and gas.This is the only stage that make money. It can take few years to decades depend on the size of the field
Step 05:Abandonment
When there is no enough hydrocarbon enough to make profit the well will be shut down.
Final words
If you have anything about these stages of getting Petroleum Please share with us
In Petroleum industry people look For structure because is where hydrocarbon can accumulate. Kwa hiyo kitabu hiki kitakusaidia kujua structure muhimu katika utafiti wa mafuta na gesi.
Kusoma na Kudownload kitabu hiki bonyeza maandishi haya.structure gology for peroleum geoscientist
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